System Investigation Essay Example For Students

System Investigation Essay System Investigation The Crack Monkey Bookstore has been in business for about six months and wants to expand to the Internet to help move inventory. This bookstore will be dealing in collage schoolbooks only, both new and used. We will start to implement this system by following the Systems Development Life Cycle by starting with the System Investigation. Feasibility StudyPresently we are a local bookstore located in Mesa that has to rely on both word of mouth and local advertisement for business. The books are stored in the back of the building on bookracks in alphabetical order. The Crack Monkey Bookstore has been approved for a 150,000-dollar loan form the government to make these and other improvements. Some of the other improvements are: enlarging the warehouse, redesigning the front of the store and changing the display area. We are hopping to both increase sales and help maintain a more accurate inventory of our books, which will increase our productivity and cash flow. Organizational Feasibility This proposed system would help the store, by increasing the sales and maintaining a more dynamic inventory. With this system in place the hopes of the owners are to be able to expand through out the valley. We will write a custom essay on System Investigation specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now Economic Feasibility This system will help in the moving of books to decrease on hand inventories. It will also reduce manpower needs with a more accurate inventory system. No need of a large filing cabinet system to keep track of paper flow. With the new system we will be able to reach more customers there by increasing revenues. Technical FeasibilityThis would put the bookstore in competition with other bookstores that are already on the web, but with our bookstore being local there will be a faster delivery time. Getting the hardware or software to start this is not a problem with todays technical knowledge. Operational FeasibilityBeing that this is a small business and the owners run it, the acceptance of the new system by the employees should be no problem. Management will support this new system with open arms, being that this is what they want. Suppliers will like the new system for receiving new orders, and the customers will be able to shop from home to get books instead of going to the bookstore. These things found in the investigation are just a few things that are needed to decide whether to up grade their current system or not. System Analysis The organizational analysis or the information systems requirements of the company will be broken down into the needs of the various departments. Then the system will be networked together to integrate the company as a complete information system. Present System Currently there is no E-business system at the bookstore. That is one of many reasons that the Crack Monkey Bookstore is looking into E-business systems. Most of the stores information is a paper trail that requires a lot of time and effort to either find or go back and fix any errors. At the warehouse, along with all the books, is file cabinet after file cabinet, which keeps all of the records for the warehouse inventories. In the accounting/personnel office, there is two file cabinets: one for employee records and the other for accounts receivable and accounts payable. There is another filing cabinet in the store which contains customers records such as addresses, phone numbers, etc., so we are able to conta ct them when either the order is filled or when we find a requested book. Management is designing the new system with emphasis on ease of use so that the labor-intensive duties of everyday filing and bookkeeping are both easy and more efficient. Functional Requirements AnalysisThe new system will consist of five main sections: 1 Warehouse2 Accounting3 Internet4 Point of Sale5.ResourcesWarehouseThe warehouse shall be the center of most activities. Duties range from receiving and shipping inventory to properly identifying storage locations for easy retrieval. This function includes the shipping and receiving not only of new stock, but also of customer point of sale activities. It must be fast, accurate and efficient in order to maintain a sharp business edge over competition. Inventory management has two sections: stock picking / inventory replacement and shipping / receiving. Both will require inventory software as

Free Essays on What Is Philosophy

Philosophy is a reflective study of reality. Especially problems involving ethics, purpose, and duties. This is accomplished by an attempt to put things first and expose illusion. It consists of questions regarding the purpose of life or of the way that life should be lived. Philosophy is realistic and encourages the requirements of sound rational thinking. The purpose of rational thinking is because we must be wise in making certain decisions in life. Every functioning person has thoughts that are deeper than what they may appear to be. Each person is a powerhouse of intelligence. Most people keep their profound philosophical thoughts to themselves and rarely say a word. This is most common in less educated people. If they do not express themselves correct others may not feel that their philosophical thought makes any sense. The reason for this may be that they do not have the vocabulary needed to express the wisdom in their thoughts. Most people keep these useful intimate thoughts hidden inside unless higher education is provided. The guidance can help people gain the terminology needed in order to express their insights in a proficient manner. What then is Philosophy? It is the love of wisdom. It's going out and asking questions to learn things we did not once know before. It is an endless game, coming up with the answers, and often consists of one step forward and two steps back. Philosophy, as a discipline, is something that we study. Philosophy, as a personal activity, is something that we can live out. Have you ever heard of the saying, â€Å"put first things first?† Individuals must prioritize their life by what makes them unique. For example, knowing that family and relationships are far more important than materialism. Every human person who has enough intellectual maturity to seek truth and establish priorities is a philosopher. The philosophy on life that most people have is underlying the sole purpose to existence. ... Free Essays on What Is Philosophy Free Essays on What Is Philosophy Philosophy is a reflective study of reality. Especially problems involving ethics, purpose, and duties. This is accomplished by an attempt to put things first and expose illusion. It consists of questions regarding the purpose of life or of the way that life should be lived. Philosophy is realistic and encourages the requirements of sound rational thinking. The purpose of rational thinking is because we must be wise in making certain decisions in life. Every functioning person has thoughts that are deeper than what they may appear to be. Each person is a powerhouse of intelligence. Most people keep their profound philosophical thoughts to themselves and rarely say a word. This is most common in less educated people. If they do not express themselves correct others may not feel that their philosophical thought makes any sense. The reason for this may be that they do not have the vocabulary needed to express the wisdom in their thoughts. Most people keep these useful intimate thoughts hidden inside unless higher education is provided. The guidance can help people gain the terminology needed in order to express their insights in a proficient manner. What then is Philosophy? It is the love of wisdom. It's going out and asking questions to learn things we did not once know before. It is an endless game, coming up with the answers, and often consists of one step forward and two steps back. Philosophy, as a discipline, is something that we study. Philosophy, as a personal activity, is something that we can live out. Have you ever heard of the saying, â€Å"put first things first?† Individuals must prioritize their life by what makes them unique. For example, knowing that family and relationships are far more important than materialism. Every human person who has enough intellectual maturity to seek truth and establish priorities is a philosopher. The philosophy on life that most people have is underlying the sole purpose to existence. ...

Discuss the extent to which economic integration within the EU has Essay - 2

Discuss the extent to which economic integration within the EU has been subordinated to the achievement of political objectives - Essay Example The success of Coal and Steel Treaty led to the Treaty of Rome where the European Economic Community (EEC) or ‘common market’ as it was commonly known, created a freeway through which people, goods and services could freely move across the international borders (Europa, n.d.). It was a landmark decision as now people within EEC countries could move without passport and custom duties will not be levied on goods and services, even farmers were paid the same across the Community, giving a joint control over the production of agricultural products. The only drawback was the surplus production. The problem arose with different currencies prevailing in different countries, and for an economic stability the requirement for a single currency was increasingly felt. In the year 1973 Denmark, Ireland and the United Kingdom also joined European Community (EC). In 1992, The Treaty on European Union is signed in Maastricht, which has been a major EU milestone as it set clear rules for the future regarding single currency, foreign and security policy as well as closer cooperation in justice and home affairs. Under the treaty, the name ‘European Union’ (EU) officially replaced that of ‘European Community’. In the year 1999, the Euro (the common currency) was officially introduced in 12 countries namely Belgium, Germany, Greece, Spain, France, Ireland, Italy, Luxembourg, the Netherlands, Austria, Portugal and Finland adopted Euro as their currency while Denmark, Sweden and the United Kingdom decided not to take it up as of, for then. As their foreign and security policy, the EU takes on peace-keeping operations by replacing NATO units in the Balkans, Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, and then in Bosnia and Herzegovina. It was a strategic victory of their combined military power. Slowly and gradually EU was becoming a formidable force to reckon with. On December 2007 the Treaty of Lisbon was signed to amend all previous

Avon Calls on Foreign Markets Article Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Avon Calls on Foreign Markets - Article Example This sometimes leads to marketing failures in many countries. In this orientation, basically, the products remain the same as in the head production unit, only, the locale that they are sold in changes. Avon has many such core products that it sells globally. Customer orientation, however, asks questions as to how the product and marketing methods can be changed, in a country, in order to be able to stay and do business there. This is especially important to an organization when they move into a country where the size of the population, or the potential of growth is attractive. Oftentimes a company may develop products exclusively for the country in question in keeping with the demand there. In China, when Avon went into their market, direct marketing was not allowed. However, the sheer size of the population made it a very attractive location for Avon, hence, the company changed its marketing strategy here and allowed beauty botiques, beauty counters, and independent stores to operate; thereby, making its products available virtually all over the country. Strategic Marketing orientation is actually a mixed strategy combining all 3 orientations of sales, customer and production orientation. Pricing and quality are also important criterion. Avon uses this strategy wherever necessary, in order to keep the business alive and flourishing in a country. Why is Avon so much more dependent on its foreign operations than on its home (U.S.) operations? Founded in 1886, Avon;s headquarters are in the US. It is one of the largest and oldest marketers and manfucatures of beauty related products. However  ¾ of it marketing and sales operations are in 66 countries and territories over the world. Another 44 countries are also on its distribution list. The reason that Avon went interntional was due to the slow growth in the U.S. market, and hardly any, or very limited potential for expansion. There already was a glut of

Discuss the Impact that the 911 Attacks had on US Law Enforcement Research Paper

Discuss the Impact that the 911 Attacks had on US Law Enforcement - Research Paper Example This prompted many changes in the country’s law enforcement, to prevent and prepare United States for such attacks in future. This paper discusses the impacts that the September 11 attacks had on the United States law enforcement. Immediately after the attack, George Bush, the then president of the United States declared war on all forms of terrorism. This resulted to drastic measures in the law enforcement to enhance their ability of responding to real and perceived threats from terrorism and other crimes. Currently, Peterson (2005, p61) notes that police in United States have greater surveillance powers than ever before in the history of the country. The era after September 11 attacks witnessed changes in federal laws, interpretation of privacy rules and expansion of technological applications in matters related to security and law enforcement. In addition, methods and circumstances used by police to investigate the public were expanded, a development that has raised concern s that the state violates individual rights for privacy (Kegley, 2003, p13). Proponents of the changes in the law enforcement argue that police should be equipped with all powers necessary to enhance their capacity of dealing with the modern international crime and terrorism. Coupled with increasing application of technology in crime, it is imperative for law enforcers to ensure public safety under highly unpredictable situations. One of the major impacts of September 11 terrorist attack is enhancement of surveillance operations in the United States. According to Kegley (2003, pp79-82) the legal and operational measures have been enhanced to apply greater inspection to minimize threats and apprehend international criminals before they commit crimes. Abrams (2005, p29) argues that the inability of law enforcers to keep in pace with technological developments of international criminals has necessitated the need for improving on their surveillance and intelligence gathering ability. In this respect, law enforcers are increasingly incorporating private and public enterprises to access personal details of people in the country. To enhance greater access to personal information, American lawmakers and legal institutions modified civil privacy protection in response to the attack and anticipated global terrorism threats. After the September 11 attacks in the United States, Abrams(2005, pp53-57) notes that the congress made several amendments on federal laws that gave police greater search and surveillance authority in addition to greater powers of accessing private information. These legal changes initially referred as the Uniting and Strengthening America by Providing Appropriate Tools Required to Intercept and Obstruct Terrorism Act became the Patriot Act later (Abrams, 2005 p73). Kegley (2003, p50) notes that the Patriot Act modified fifteen laws that mainly dealt with counter-terrorism and gathering foreign intelligence. The provisions in the Patriot Act include broadening the police search powers, consolidating police powers, expansion of domestic intelligence authority among other provisions. Broadening the police search powers provision authorized law enforcers to use enhanced surveillance techniques, search and gathering intelligence. These included allowing sneak and peek search warrants, authority to use tracking and wire tapping devices, monitoring of financial transactions, legalizing the use of investigation gag orders and authority to allow law enforcers

Investigation of Single Chain Sugar-based Glycolipid

Investigation of Single Chain Sugar-based Glycolipid Review on Investigation of Single Chain Sugar-based Glycolipid Self-Assembly in Lyotropic Phase Using Fluorescence Spectroscopy M.Faisal Khyasudeen* KEYWORDS (Word Style â€Å"BG_Keywords†). If you are submitting your paper to a journal that requires keywords, provide significant keywords to aid the reader in literature retrieval. ABSTRACT: Glycolipid in lyotropic phase has been widely study due to its nature similar to those in biological membrane. This uncharged amphiphilic molecules has been used in cosmeceutical industry as an emulsifier and as nano-carrier in pharmaceutical industry. Some of the reason on its application is because of its features such as low toxicity on environment, biodegradable, specific sugar-cell recognition as well as relatively cheap in production. Vesicle formation by the single chain glycolipid allow high efficiencies of drug delivery by the effective encapsulation of the active material until it reached the specific target cells. In this report, fluorescence studies using different probe were discussed to understand the stability and degree of flexibility of the lipid for its self-assembly. Tryptophan (Trp) with its ester derivatives (Trp-C4 and Trp-C8) are examples of probes to study the glycolipid hydrophilic head while pyrene molecules to gain insight of the hydrophobic group . Steady-state fluorescence indicate a reduction in polarity gradient from polar domain to the non-polar domain resulted from sugar head group and hydrocarbon tail respectively. While fluorescence lifetime measurement for the probes uncover an extra information such as ability to form two different rotamer or any heterogeneity arises due to flexibility of lipid self-assembly. Specifically, this review will be emphasized on characterization of glycolipid with probes component and how in turn these are related to the nature of self-assembly for the glycolipid. INTRODUCTION Amphiphiles are molecules that have a hydrophilic head and a hydrophobic tail. Because of this, amphiphiles when mixed with water is capable of self-assembly into a wide range of different structures with a variety of properties. Shown in Figure 1 are some examples of such structures [1, 2]. They include the lamellar structure, where the amphiphiles self-assemble to give a sheet like structure; the micellar phase where the amphiphiles form a spherical structure with a hydrophilic exterior and a hydrophobic interior; the hexagonal structure where amphiphiles form micellar cylinders that are stacked in a hexagonal lattice; and a whole family of cubic structures, which resembles pipe joints linking cylindrical micellar units. This lyotropic mesomorphism is exhibited by many amphiphiles [3]. The amphiphile systems can transform between these mesophases depending on the relative amphiphiles/water concentrations, salt concentrations, pH, temperature and pressure. Apart from the aesthetics of the various structures, the versatility of some of these amphiphiles structures has also been of great scientific importance and utility. For example, our body is made of 10^13 cells that are constructed from complex membranes self-assembled from amphiphilic phospholipids [4]. Lipids such as monoolein in its cubic phase has been used to crystallize membrane proteins, thus making possible their x-ray diffraction structure determination [5]. Similar lipids have also been used for drug delivery purposes [2]. Another example is the glycolipids [1], which form minor but integral components in the cell membranes of prokaryotes and eukaryotes, and are responsible in maintaining structure integrity in cells. Figure 1. Phase change in the Glycolipid self-assembly by changing the temperature of the system Glycolipids are one of the examples in large family of glycoconjugates in which the sugar head group is bonded to hydrocarbon chain. It is an amphiphilic molecule derived from the carbohydrate headgroup whereas the hydrocarbon tail builds up the hydrophobic part of the molecule. The glycolipids can exhibit liquid crystals properties and have mesophase behaviour. The advantages of using sugar-based non-ionic surfactants compared to the usual surfactants because they are highly biodegradable, environmentally friendly, and less toxic [2,3]. Besides that, they are also much cheaper, and have diverse biological activity. Figure 2. Example of probe used Alkyl glycoside has been used for numerous surfactant application. Microemulsion form by these nonionic surfactant will help in dispersing the water and oil in continuos phase. Direct application such as detergent and cleaner has been use including alkylpolyglucoside (APGs) where it is reported that APGs improves the foam properties of the product according to IPP quality standard. In addition, one development of alkyl glycoside which is still in its infancy is on its application as vesicles for drug delivery carrier as reported by Kiwada and co-workers. It is reported that high entrapment efficiencies of the anticancer drug with prolonged in vitro drug released particularly in spleen and liver were shown using alkyl glycoside as nano-carrier. Furthermore, it reported by Rauzah.H and coworker, the use of similar vesicle to enhance the drug skin penetration using maltosylated and lactosylated alkyl glycoside. Understanding the various factors that contribute to the stability of these different lipid phase structures will be important in further applications of these fascinating objects. One important factor that determines the stability of the various phases in different conditions are the hydrogen bonding networks of the water environment surrounding the amphiphile’s hydrophilic headgroup. In this report, fluorescence studies using steady state and time-resolved measurement were discussed in guiding to correlate the behavior of the probes with the local environment of the glycolipid. Columnar phase of an aqueous formulation of the single chain alkyl glycoside such in the example depict in figure 3 were reviewed due to the ability of it to form in wide range of concentration and temperature (cite the phase diagram). Since lipid membrane usually do not possess any intrinsic fluorescence, it is common to used extrinsic associating probe which strongly sensitive to its surrounding environment. One of the most common membrane probe is tryptophan and pyrene. Trp is used as a local reporter for hydrophilic head and pyrene which is non-polar molecule to probe in hydrophobic region. Figure 3. Example of chemical structure of single chain glycolipid. DISCUSSION One of valuable property of fluorescence probe is in their sensitivity towards different polarity gradient. Fluorophore such as trp shows a shift spectrum in steady state measurement correspond to change in dielectric constant of solvent. Spectrum shift as in Figure 3 reported by (Idayu paper) for both glycolipid, shows that the trp peak maxima shift towards the blue side by decreasing the solvent polarity. This is due to the solvent effect which cause the stabilization of excited state by the higher dielectric constant of solvent molecules. As explained in (prof Lakowicz), normally, fluorophore possess a higher dipole moment in the excited state compared to in the ground state. Thus the solvent dipole can relax to lower the energy of the excited state after the absorption process. The reported unstructured fluorescence is due to the 1La state while the structured fluorescence is reported to be in 1Lb state. The state in 1La is a solvent sensitive state towards the polar nitrogen ato m indole group in tryptophan. (1a) Steady-state and lifetime measurement for hydrophilic head using tryptophan with its derivatives Steady state spectrum of tryptophan and its ester derivative (Trp, Trp-C4, and Trp-C8) together with the lipid embedded were reported by (idayu paper) in n-dodecyl ÃŽ ²-D-maltoside(ÃŽ ²MaltoOC12) and octyl ÃŽ ²-D-glucoside(ÃŽ ²GlcOC8). From the fluorescence spectrum, it is clear that when the tryptophan and its derivative embedded in lipid shows almost a similar pattern as depict in figure 3. The spectra observed shift to the blue side relative to that in buffer. This indication explain the different local environment senses by tryptophan and its derivatives in the lipid system. By comparing the two spectra, tryptophan molecule shows less polar environment as compared to bulk water. This can be seen across the increasing chain length of the tryptophan ester. Due to increasing hydrophobic nature of the tryptophan moiety (trp C-4 and Trp C-8), it is pronounced that the tendency of the tryptophan penetration across the membrane will be also increase. Consequently, indole group in trypto phan will be attracted closer to the amphiphilic head of the glycolipid. Correlation between the fluorescence peak of tryptophan in lipid and in solvent predict the different in water profile across the aqueous nanochannel. The observation complement to the result that are reported by Dongping zhong and coworker, showing confined water in aqueous nanochannel can be divided into three distinct time scale;(1) ~100-150 ps correspond to two layers of well-ordered interfacial water which dynamically is a rigid water molecule. In this region, the solvent network which allow for water molecule to form intermolecular interaction with more than one water molecule were perturbed. This reduced the local polarity senses by the tryptophan ester similar to the peak maximum in 1,4-dioxane which is highly non-polar solvent. (2) 10-15 ps, correspond to quasi-bound water motion. This can be observed similar to the previous case where the tryptophan moiety resembles to those in methanol and ethanol. ( 3) 1 ps and lower, showing the bulklike near the channel centre where the environment shows the highest polarity similar to that in buffer. Basically the (1) and (2) is important in maintaining the global structure stability of the glycolipid and the flexibility to adapt different structure such in phase diagram. On lifetime of Trp in 10-9 magnitude (1 ns or higher), two different lifetime component is usually correspond to the exhibition of different rotamer (rotational isomer) by the Trp moiety. These result point to a degree of flexibility of the lipid self-assembly that allow the Trp side chain to adapt two different rotamer (1b) Steady State and lifetime measurement for hydrophobic tail using pyrene as probe. Investigation of tail region using pyrene as a probe were reported to be sensible in less polar environment due to the non-polar characteristic of the pyrene. The favour of pyrene can be explained by observing the spectrum shift in different dielectric constant of solvent as reported by (idayu) in figure 6. Solvent such as cyclohexane shows a blue shift as compared to that in buffer. The peak between 360nm-450nm indicate formation of monomer by the pyrene while the peak maxima around 465nm is due to the formation of excited dimer (or excimer) (cited Lakowich ngan paper lain) even at a very low concentration (0.05mM of pyrene). In a polar condition, it tend to form dimer because of the hydrophobic nature of pyrene which disliked polar solvent and thus forming a cluster to reduce the surface contact with the molecule of the solvent. The spectrum as shown in figure 7 in (idayu paper) shows a complete absent of dimer in the lipid. Pyrene molecule was said to be dispersed in the tail regi on as monomer and tend to isolate from each other. Additional information from the fluorescence spectrum of pyrene is the (I1/I3) ratio which correspond to the vibronic transition of 0-0 band. The value for the ratio of peak 1 and 3 indicate local polarity of the environment that the pyrene experienced. In principle, high value of (I1/I3) indicate more polar environment. Some examples for the values of (I1/I3) in different solvent and lipid composition were shown in the table 1, Table 1. Value of ratio (I The result of pyrene in lipid shows an intermediate between the value as in buffer and cyclohexane. However, the ratio shows a closer number towards the buffer solution which further indicate the favorable of pyrene to locate near the lipid head group. This was proved by the simulation worked done by (Prof rauzah. Embedding the tryptophan and pyrene together result in reduction of polarity based on the value dropped by 0.02 as compared with only single component of trp-C8 in lipid. The reduction of polarity in presence of trp-C8 is because of the result in increasing hydrophobicity around the pyrene molecule by the C8 chain in tryptophan. Lifetime measurement were conducted for both ÃŽ ²MaltoOC12 and ÃŽ ²GlcOC8 in hexagonal phase and reported in (paper idayu). In both case, pyrene shows two distinct lifetime correspond to short component (0.87 – 0.97ns) and long component (11 – 51 ns) as an indication for the heterogeneity that the pyrene adopt in the system . Furthermo re, lifetime of ÃŽ ²MaltoOC12 which is 51 ns shows a higher isolation (caging effect) of pyrene in tail region as compared to ÃŽ ²GlcOC8 which has decay component of 11 ns. Comparison between the two type of lipid shows the effect of adding Trp-C8 with pyrene in ÃŽ ²MaltoOC12 (27 ns) is more prominent than in ÃŽ ²GlcOC8 (11.3 ns) system. In both cases implied the presence of C8 chain in Trp to cause a reduction in the local viscosity of tail region. However, in table 1, it is further observed that, the value for ÃŽ ²GlcOC8 is actually smaller than ÃŽ ²MaltoOC12. Since the smaller value of this ratio correspond towards more non-polar environment, it leads to a certain assumption that ÃŽ ²GlcOC8 were actually interact more with the pyrene due to shorter alkyl chain compared to ÃŽ ²MaltoOC12 which has more random and wobbling motion in the longer chain.(C8 vs C12). This increased the diffusion of oxygen and hence reduced the lifetime of pyrene CONCLUSION While it is tempting to cover all the other information about the unique nature of glycolipid self-assembly, this review provide a valuable insight on using fluorescence probes to investigate the local environment around two distinct group which is the hydrophilic head and hydrophobic tail of glycolipid. By comparing the fluorescence behavior of probes in solvent and in lipid, we will able to correlate those two in order to discover the local polarity in the lipid. While lifetime measurement in fluorescence uncover the hidden information that the steady-state measurement would not be able to obtain such as heterogeneity, flexibility and etc. These properties are crucial for biological processes such as ability of lipid in allowing different size of molecule to accommodate in the lipid. Understanding molecular self-assembly in microscopic scale and its behavior in different structure and phases will allow us to construct and produce efficient product for industrial application such as emulsifier and nano-carrier for drug delivery. ASSOCIATED CONTENT (Word Style â€Å"TE_Supporting_Information†). Supporting Information. A brief statement in nonsentence format listing the contents of material supplied as Supporting Information should be included, ending with â€Å"This material is available free of charge via the Internet at http://pubs.acs.org.† For instructions on what should be included in the Supporting Information as well as how to prepare this material for publication, refer to the journal’s Instructions for Authors. AUTHOR INFORMATION Corresponding Author * (Word Style â€Å"FA_Corresponding_Author_Footnote†). Give contact information for the author(s) to whom correspondence should be addressed. Present Addresses † If an author’s address is different than the one given in the affiliation line, this information may be included here. Author Contributions The manuscript was written through contributions of all authors. / All authors have given approval to the final version of the manuscript. / †¡These authors contributed equally. (match statement to author names with a symbol) . ABBREVIATIONS CCR2, CC chemokine receptor 2; CCL2, CC chemokine ligand 2; CCR5, CC chemokine receptor 5; TLC, thin layer chromatography. REFERENCES

Everyone Has an Obligation to Vote Essay -- Politics Political Essays

Why should I vote? This is a simple question with a long history of debate. My vote doesn't make a difference anyway. I'm too busy. They're all crooks, why should I vote for one of them? There isn't a good choice. Nothing will change. The problem with these reasons is that they actually perpetuate the circumstances keeping would-be-voters away from the polls. Many arguments exist for both sides of the issue, however, I believe more reasons to vote exist than lame excuses. My vote is too insignificant to make a difference anyway. No one's vote "makes no difference," though the difference may be small in comparison to the whole, it is there nonetheless. Through not voting, one is only guaranteeing that one's own opinion will make no difference. If the right isn't exercised, no reason exists for its presence. Countless complaints would arise the instant anyone tried to revoke one's right to vote, therefore, that right must actually be valued. Since that right is valued, then it must be thought to have the power to make a difference, and thus the excuse is invalid. At least put fourth the effort and try to make a difference, no matter how inconsequential every little bit helps. My schedule is too busy; I don't have time to vote. Voting can be done by absentee ballot if one is out of town on Election day. No need to go anywhere or stand in lines, just fill out the ballot and mail it in. Every citizen is eligible to vote by mail if they cannot get to the polls on election day. For some it is often just a matter of convenience. With the absentee ballot, none have an excuse not to vote. It's not hard work, actually it's rather easy, almost too easy. The real reason behind this excuse usually boils down to ... ...o do so. Nonvoters, on the other hand, don't readily see those same benefits, and resist when confronted with them by voters. In conclusion, I feel that everyone has an obligation to vote, a responsibility for the betterment of themselves, their children, their peers and their country. I believe that if more people were educated as to the benefits of voting, voter turnout would dramatically increase, and promote a greater general concern. Only through knowledge will we ever be able to make a difference in the minds of nonvoters to make the choice to act upon their duty to vote. Shortly before he died, James Madison, wrote in a letter to a friend, "A popular government, without popular information, or the means of acquiring it is but a tragedy . . . a people who mean to be their own governors must arm themselves with the power which knowledge gives."